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Leonardite
Leonardite is a soft waxy, black or brown, shiny, vitreous mineraloid that is easily soluble in alkaline solutions. It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining.〔(Julia A. Jackson, James P. Mehl, Klaus K. E. Neuendorf 2008, Glossary of Geology, American Geological Institute, 800pp. )〕 It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%)〔(Tan, K.H. 2003. Humic matter in soil and the environment: principles and controversies, CRC Press, 408pp. )〕 and is used as a soil conditioner, as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment,〔(The mineral industry of North Dakota, USGS report on non-fuel minerals in North Dakota )〕 in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive.〔(Hoffman, G.L., Nikols, D.J., Stuhec, S., Wilson, R.A. Evaluation of Leonardite (Humalite) Open File Report 1993-18, Resources of Alberta, Alberta Geological Survey )〕 It was named after A. G. Leonard, first director of the North Dakota Geological Survey, in recognition of his work on these deposits.〔(Odzoba, D.M., Blyth, J.C., Engler, R.F., Dinel, H. & Schnitzer, M. 2001. Leonardite and humified organic matter. In Ghabbour, E.A. & Davies, G. (eds.) Humic Substances: Structures, Models and Functions (Special Publication), Royal Society of Chemistry 388pp. )〕
==Formation==
Leonardite is found associated with near surface lignite deposits. They are thought to have been formed by the oxidation of the lignite, an interpretation supported by chemical analysis of leonardite compared to lignite.〔(Youngs, R.W. & Frost, C.M. 1963. Humic acids from leonardite - a soil conditioner and organic fertilizer. Ind. Eng. Chem., 55, 95–99 )〕
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